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Julian Leopold Ochorowicz ("''Yool''-yahn Oh-hor-''oh''-veech"; outside Poland, also known as Julien Ochorowitz; Radzymin, 23 February 1850 – 1 May 1917, Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher, psychologist, inventor (precursor of radio and television〔"Ochorowicz, Julian Leopold," ''Polski słownik biograficzny''.〕), poet, publicist and leading exponent of Polish Positivism. ==Life== Julian Ochorowicz was the son of Julian and Jadwiga, ''née'' Sumińska. Ochorowicz studied natural sciences at Warsaw University, graduating in 1871. He subsequently studied at Leipzig University under Wilhelm Wundt; in 1874 he received his doctorate there with a thesis ''On Conditions of Consciousness''. Returning to Warsaw, in 1874-75 he was editor-in-chief of the popular Polish-language periodical, ''Niwa'' (The Field). From 1881 he was assistant professor (''docent'') of psychology and natural philosophy at Lwów University. In 1882 he was sent to Paris, France, where he spent several years. Later, from 1907, he would be co-director of the Institut General Psychologique. Returning to Warsaw, from 1900 Ochorowicz was president of Kasa Literacka (the Literary Fund). He published his pedagogical papers in ''Encyklopedia Wychowawcza'' (the Encyclopedia of Education). Ochorowicz was a pioneer of empirical research in psychology and conducted studies into occultism, Spiritualism, hypnosis and telepathy. His most popular works included ''Wstęp i pogląd ogólny na filozofię pozytywną'' (An Introduction to and Overview of Positive Philosophy, 1872) and ''Jak należy badać duszę?'' (How Should One Study the Soul?, 1869). Ochorowicz the poet published in ''Przegląd Tygodniowy'' (the Weekly Review) under the pen-name Julian Mohort. He wrote the poem, "''Naprzód''" ("Forward," 1873), regarded as the Polish Positivists' manifesto. Ochorowicz, a trained philosopher with a doctorate from the University of Leipzig, became the leader of the Positivist movement in Poland. In 1872 he wrote: "We shall call a Positivist, anyone who bases assertions on verifiable evidence; who does not express himself categorically about doubtful things, and does not speak at all about those that are inaccessible."〔Tatarkiewicz, ''Historia filozofii'', vol. 3, p. 177.〕 In 1877 he elaborated the theory for a monochromatic television, to be constructed as a screen comprising bulbs that would convert transmitted images into groups of light points. In 1885, on several occasions, he demonstrated his own improved telephone. In Paris, he connected the building of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraph with the Paris Opera, 4 kilometers away. At the Antwerp World's Fair, he set up a connection with Brussels, 45 km distant. He linked St. Petersburg, Russia, with Bologoye, 320 km away. He experimented with microphones and with apparatus for sending sound and light over distances, and so is regarded as a precursor of radio and television. Ochorowicz conducted experiments at a psychological laboratory that he established at Wisła. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Julian Ochorowicz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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